Society

A. Definition and Meaning

• Vetti (also called Bhegar) means forced labour without any wages or remuneration.
• It was a system where lower castes (especially Dalits) were compelled to work for landlords (Doralu) at any time, for any task, without pay.
• The landlord had absolute control over the labourer’s time and movement.

B. Historical Context – Nizam Era

• The Nizam government identified certain sections of society as Baluthadars – traditional service providers (e.g., washermen, barbers, carpenters, blacksmiths).
• They were given small plots of land called Balutha inam as compensation for their services.
• Over time, due to exploitation and debts, they lost their lands. However, they continued to be forced labourers (Vetti) for the landlords.

What Vetti included:

• Agricultural work (ploughing, sowing, harvesting)
• Domestic chores (cleaning, cooking, carrying water)
• Carrying official reports/mails for the landlord
• Sexual exploitation of women and girls – young girls were sent to landlords’ houses

Baghela system – a variant of bonded labour:

• A Dalit took a loan from a landlord at high interest.
• If the loan was not repaid in the borrower’s lifetime, his family members were forced to work for the landlord for free until the debt was cleared.

C. Resistance Movements Against Vetti

• Telangana Armed Struggle (1946-1951) – also called Vetti Chakiri Udyamam or Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle. It was a communist-led rebellion against feudal landlords and the Nizam.

Key leaders and events:

• Mallu Swarajyam – a woman commander who fought against Vetti. The Nizam government announced a prize of ₹10,000 on her head. She was later elected to Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1978, 1983).
• Chakali Ilamma – a washerwoman who revolted against Zamindar Ramachandra Reddy when he tried to take her 4 acres of land. Her revolt inspired many to join the movement.
• Peesari Veeranna – opposed Gandhiji’s term “Harijan” and argued that Dalits should be called Adi-Hindus. He actively fought against Vetti.
• Bandagi – a Muslim farmer who waged a heroic struggle against the Visunuru landlord in 1920. He became a prominent character in the famous play Ma Bhoomi.
• Andhra Mahasabha – passed resolutions against Vetti in its 1st, 6th and 7th sessions.

D. Constitutional and Legal Abolition

• Article 23(1) of the Indian Constitution:
  • Prohibits “traffic in human beings and begar (forced labour) and other similar forms of forced labour”.
  • Any contravention is a punishable offence.
• Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976:
  • Legally abolished bonded labour from 25th October 1975.
  • Every bonded labourer was set free and discharged from any obligation to render bonded labour.
  • The Act empowers District Magistrates to enforce its provisions.

A. Definitions

• Jogini:
  • A girl “dedicated” or “married” to a goddess (not a man).
  • Belongs to the Veerashaiva tradition (Dravidian origin, lower castes).
  • Mainly affects Dalit women.
  • In Telangana, common in Karimnagar district where they are called Parvathi.
• Devadasi (Sanskrit: “servant of God”):
  • A girl dedicated to a male deity in a temple.
  • Associated with Vaishnava tradition (Aryan/upper caste).
• Both systems lead to sexual exploitation in the name of religion and tradition. The girl becomes a prostitute with social sanction.

B. Regional Variations in Names

• Jogini (Telangana – Nizamabad, Adilabad, Medak, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad)
• Parvathi (Karimnagar)
• Basavi (Rayalaseema, Karnataka border)
• Mathamma / Thayamma (Nellore, Chittoor)
• Bhavanis (Goa)
• Kudikar (West Coast)
• Thevaradiyar (Tamil Nadu)
• Murali / Jogateen / Aradhini (Maharashtra)

C. Historical Spread

• After the downfall of the Kakatiya dynasty, the Jogini system spread from Basavakalyan (Karnataka) into Telangana.
• Jogimara inscription (3rd century BC) in the Jogimara caves of Chhattisgarh mentions the Jogini and Devadasi system – the earliest known reference.
• French missionary Abbe Dubois documented the Jogini tradition in his book “Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies”.
• Theogamy – the tradition of dedicating women to a goddess is called “theogamy” (marriage to a god).

D. Reformers and Organizations

• Bhagya Reddy Varma – fought through Manya Sangam (1911) and Jagan Mitra Mandali (1906). He established a Devadasi eradication organization.
• Hemalatha Lavanam – conducted intensive research on the Jogini system.
• Samskar (1974, Vijayawada):
  • Chairman – Lavanam, Secretary – Hemalatha Lavanam.
  • Established Chelli Nilayam (Sister’s Home) at Varni, Nizamabad district (1987) for former Joginis.
  • Organized four marriages of Joginis at Raj Bhavan (Governor’s residence) in 1990 and 1999.
• NISA (National Institute of Social Action) – started by Kumud Ben Joshi (Governor of United Andhra Pradesh). Held a national conference on Joginis in New Delhi (1987).
• Aashray (1993) – founded by Grace Nirmala. Rescued teenage girls from becoming Joginis, provided education, and runs the newspaper “Dalit” for awareness.

E. Legal Prohibition

• Andhra Pradesh Devadasi (Prohibition of Dedication) Act, 1988 – bans Jogini, Devadasi, and Basavi systems. Any dedication of girls in these names is punishable with imprisonment.
• Other laws:
  • Prevention of Dedication of Women Act, 1930
  • Devadasi Abolition Act, 1947
  • Bombay Devadasi Protection Act, 1934
  • Madras Devadasi (Prevention of Dedication) Act, 1947
  • Karnataka Devadasi (Prohibition of Dedication) Act, 1982
  • Juvenile Justice Act, 2015
  • Immoral Traffic Prevention Act (ITPA), 1956
  • Trafficking of Persons Bill, 2018

A. Social Evils Specific to Telangana

• Adapapa system:
  • A cruel practice where young girls were kept as slaves by feudal landlords.
  • When the landlord’s daughter got married, the Adapapa (slave girl) was sent along with her to serve in the new home.
  • These girls were often treated as concubines.
• Female infanticide and feticide:
  • Still prevalent in some areas despite being illegal.
  • Preference for male children due to cultural and economic reasons leads to neglect or selective abortion of female fetuses.
• Child marriage:
  • High prevalence in 8 districts: Khammam, Hyderabad, Kamareddy, Mahabubabad, Medak, Nagarkurnool, Sangareddy, Wanaparthy.
  • Driven by poverty, dowry beliefs, and lack of secondary education.
• Discrimination in education and healthcare:
  • Lower enrolment, higher dropout rates for girls.
  • Limited access to quality education and health services, especially in rural areas.
• Trafficking and exploitation: girls from poor families are vulnerable to forced labour, domestic servitude, and commercial sexual exploitation.

B. Government Schemes for Girl Child

1. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY)

• Launched: 2015, as part of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao.
• Purpose: Savings scheme for girl child’s education and marriage.
• Eligibility: Girl child under 10 years; parents/legal guardians can open account.
• Deposit: Minimum ₹250/year, maximum ₹1.5 lakh/year. Deposits for 15 years.
• Maturity: After 21 years (or at marriage after 18).
• Partial withdrawal: Up to 50% for higher education after class 10.
• Tax benefit: Under Section 80C.
• Interest rate: Set by government (higher than normal savings).

2. Balika Samridhi Yojana

• For: BPL families with newborn girl child.
• Benefits:
  • One-time grant of ₹500 at birth.
  • Annual scholarship ₹300 to ₹1000 until Class X.
• Eligibility: Up to two daughters per family; child must be enrolled in school.

3. National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education

• Managed by: Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of HRD.
• Benefit: Fixed deposit of ₹3000 in the girl’s name.
• Withdrawal: After passing Class 10 and turning 18.
• Eligibility: SC/ST girls who passed Class 8; girls from other groups who passed Class 8 through Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas.

4. Telangana Girl Child Protection Scheme

• Eligibility:
  • Families with single girl child OR two girl children.
  • Income limits (for children born after 3 Jan 2013): rural ₹40,000/year; urban ₹48,000/year.
  • For children born before that: rural ₹20,000; urban ₹24,000.
  • Destitute/orphan/disabled girls (income up to ₹1 lakh for disability >80%).
• Benefits:
  • Single girl child: ₹1 lakh after completing 20 years.
  • Two girl children: ₹30,000 each after completing 20 years.
  • Scholarship: ₹1,200 per annum from Class 9 to Class 12 (including ITI).
• Application: Through Anganwadi worker (ICDS area) or CDPO (non-ICDS area).

5. Kishori Shakti Yojana

• Launched: 2000 (100% centrally sponsored).
• Target: Adolescent girls (11-18 years).
• Objective: Break inter-cycle of nutritional and gender disadvantages; empower girls through nutrition, health, education, and skill training.
• Implemented in: 149 ICDS projects in Telangana.

6. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)

• Objectives:
  • Prevent gender-biased sex-selective elimination.
  • Ensure survival, protection, and education of the girl child.
• Activities:
  • Zero-budget advertising
  • Sports promotion
  • Self-defence camps
  • Girls’ toilets
  • Sanitary napkin vending machines
  • Awareness about PC-PNDT Act

A. What is Fluorosis?

• A disease caused by excessive intake of fluoride through drinking water (and other sources) over a long period.
• WHO standard: Drinking water should not contain more than 1.5 mg/l of fluoride.
• Types:
  1. Dental fluorosis – brown stains, pitting, and weakening of tooth enamel.
  2. Skeletal fluorosis – joint pain, stiffness, limited mobility, bone deformities (occurs when calcium metabolism is disrupted).
  3. Non-skeletal fluorosis – other health issues.

B. Prevalence in Telangana

• Nalgonda district was the worst affected – over 19 lakh population at risk.
• 1108 habitations were severely affected (as per 2011 data).
• Worst affected mandals: Marriguda, Chandur, Nampally, Munugode.
• Other affected districts: Khammam, Warangal, etc.

C. Causes of Fluorosis in Telangana

• Geological composition – fluoride-bearing minerals dissolve into groundwater.
• Hydrogeological conditions – aquifers with high fluoride content.
• Overexploitation of groundwater – lowering water table increases fluoride concentration.
• Lack of alternative water sources – communities forced to use contaminated groundwater.
• Agricultural practices – certain phosphate fertilizers can release fluoride into soil.

D. Government Interventions – Success Story

1. Mission Bhagiratha

• Supplied safe drinking water to every house in fluoride-affected villages.
• Drastically reduced dependence on groundwater.

2. Mission Kakatiya

• Restored 142 irrigation tanks in the worst-affected mandals (Marriguda, Chandur, Nampally).
• Improved groundwater levels significantly.
• Result: Groundwater level in Nalgonda district rose from 9.1 meters (2014) to 3.41 meters (2022).
• In Marriguda mandal, it improved from 14.35 m (2015) to 4.07 m (2022).

3. District Fluoride Monitoring Centre (DFMC)

• Established in Nalgonda on 14th November 2013.
• A unique convergence model – first of its kind in India.
• Role: Coordinate inter-departmental efforts for prevention and mitigation of fluorosis.
• Supported by: UNICEF (technical and financial support).

4. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF)

• Launched in 2008-09 (11th Five Year Plan).
• Provides assistance for lab equipment, training, health education, and publicity.

5. Technological Innovations

• Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) – developed equipment-free fluoride detection for household use (naked-eye color change).
• CMERI – transferred High Flow Rate Fluoride & Iron Removal technology to industry.

E. Outcome – Telangana Declared Fluorosis-Free (2020)

• Villages affected:
  • 2015: 967 villages
  • 2020: Zero villages
• Fluoride content in groundwater dropped by 50% in many areas.
• Telangana ranked number one in the country under Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) with 98.31% households having functional tap connections.

A. Definition and Constitutional Mandate

• Child labour: Work that deprives children of childhood, potential, dignity, and is harmful to physical/mental development.
• Constitutional provisions:
  • Article 21A – free and compulsory education for children 6-14 years.
  • Article 24 – prohibits employment of child below 14 in any factory, mine, or hazardous employment.
  • Article 39(e) & (f) – State to ensure children’s health and strength are not abused, and childhood is protected against exploitation.

B. Prevalence (India and Telangana)

• Census 2011 (India): 10.1 million child labourers (5.6M boys, 4.5M girls).
• Telangana – child labour exists in:
  • Agriculture (highest incidence)
  • Brick kilns
  • Domestic work
  • Construction
  • Beedi rolling, match factories, fireworks
• Gender disparity: Girls are more engaged in invisible, unpaid domestic work and are less likely to be counted.
• 62.8% of child labourers (14-17 years) are in hazardous occupations.

C. Legal Framework

1. Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986

• Defined “child” as below 14 years.
• Banned employment in 83 hazardous occupations and processes.
• Regulated working conditions for non-hazardous work.

2. Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016

• Complete ban on employment of children below 14 years in all occupations (with exception for family businesses and entertainment industry).
• Adolescent (14-18 years) – prohibited from hazardous occupations; regulated in non-hazardous work.
• Punishment – imprisonment and fine (₹20,000 to ₹50,000).
• Cognizable offence – police can arrest without warrant.
• District Magistrate – empowered to ensure implementation.
• Child and Adolescent Labour Rehabilitation Fund – established in each district.
• Compounding of offences – allowed with DM’s permission.

3. Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2017

• Provides detailed framework for prevention, rescue, and rehabilitation.
• Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for enforcement authorities.

4. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

• Includes working children in the category of “children in need of care and protection”.
• Sections 23 and 26 address cruelty and exploitation of juvenile employees.

5. Other Laws

• Right to Education Act, 2009 (free education to 6-14 years).
• Factories Act, 1948 (prohibits employment under 14 in factories).
• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act – severe punishment for bonded labour involving children.

D. Government Initiatives

1. National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme

• Uses a sequential approach for rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations.
• Surveys child labour, then provides special schools, vocational training, and stipends.

2. PENCIL (Platform for Effective Enforcement of No Child Labour)

• Online platform to integrate Centre, States, Districts, and civil society.
• Ensures proper execution of Child Labour Act and NCLP Scheme.

3. Operation Muskaan / Smile

• Special drive conducted in July 2015 in coordination with Police, Revenue, Women & Child Welfare.
• Telangana: 2,514 children identified and rescued.

4. State Resource Centre (Telangana)

• Objectives:
  • Finalise strategy for elimination of child labour.
  • Conduct surveys and update data.
  • Monitor enforcement of labour laws.
  • Monitor rehabilitation of rescued children.
  • Implement NCLP and ILO support projects.

5. Labour Department’s Role

• Regular inspections in hazardous and non-hazardous occupations.
• Rescue operations – children produced before Child Welfare Committee (CWC).
• Prosecution of employers – fine of ₹20,000 per child (deposited in District Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund).
• Minimum wages open courts to discourage child labour.

E. International Commitments

• India ratified ILO Convention 138 (minimum age for employment) and ILO Convention 182 (worst forms of child labour) in 2017.
• Aim to eradicate child labour by 2025 (SDG target 8.7).

F. NGOs Working on Child Labour

• Bachpan Bachao Andolan – rescued 591 children from forced labour during COVID-19 lockdown.
• CARE India
• Child Rights and You (CRY)
• Global March Against Child Labour
• RIDE India
• Childline

A. Migration Pattern

• Telangana is a destination state for migrant workers.
• Source states: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka.
• Himachal Pradesh and Telangana have the highest share of job-related migrants in urban male population (as per PLFS 2020-21).

B. Push and Pull Factors

Push Factors (from origin)	Pull Factors (to Telangana)
Poverty and unemployment	Employment opportunities
Fragmentation of land	Better wages
Lack of social amenities	Urban lifestyle
Natural hazards (droughts, floods)	Continuous trade and economic expansion
Overpopulation	Territorial expansion
Religious/political persecution (rare)	Better social amenities (health, education)

C. Problems Faced by Migrant Labourers in Telangana

• Exploitation and low wages – no bargaining power, often paid less than minimum wage.
• Poor living conditions – makeshift settlements, labour camps, lack of clean water, sanitation, electricity.
• Lack of social protection – no access to PDS, health insurance, education for children, pensions.
• Limited job security – daily wage or temporary contracts, no formal employment agreements.
• Language and cultural barriers – difficulty communicating with locals, accessing services.
• Health risks – hazardous work (construction, mining, brick kilns) leads to injuries, respiratory diseases.
• Lack of legal awareness – unaware of rights, entitlements, and legal protections.
• Discrimination and social exclusion – based on ethnicity, region, or language.

D. Government Schemes for Migrant Workers (Central)

Scheme	Description
One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC)	Access subsidised food grains from any fair price shop in any state.
Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979	Regulates employment conditions of inter-state migrant workers (registration, identity cards, wages, accommodation, medical facilities). Poorly enforced.
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM)	Voluntary pension scheme for unorganised workers with monthly income up to ₹15,000; pension of ₹3,000 after 60 years.
Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana (ABVKY)	Unemployment benefit under ESI for up to 90 days.
National Career Service (NCS)	Portal for job matching and skill development.
Skill Development Initiatives (PMKVY, etc.)	Training and certification for unskilled workers.

E. Telangana Specific Initiatives

• Telangana Migrant Workers Welfare Board – provides financial assistance, healthcare, education support, skill development.
• Telangana Migrant Resource Centres – information, counseling, legal aid, grievance redressal.
• Draft National Migrant Labour Policy – prepared by NITI Aayog.
• Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHC) – for urban migrants.
• e-Shram Portal – national database for unorganised workers, including migrants.
• Social Security Code – provides benefits like insurance and provident fund for inter-state migrant workers.

F. COVID-19 Impact on Migrant Workers

• Loss of livelihood, reverse migration, stranded workers.
• Loss of access to food, healthcare, and shelter.
• Children of migrants lost education due to school closures.
• Mental health challenges due to stress and anxiety.
• Positive: ONORC and e-Shram portal gained momentum.

A. Legal Position

• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – legal age: 18 years for girls, 21 years for boys.
• Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 (Sharda Act) – first law to fix age (14 for girls, 18 for boys). Later amended to 15, then 18 for girls and 21 for boys.
• Penalties – rigorous imprisonment up to 2 years and/or fine up to ₹1 lakh.
• Child Marriage Prohibition Officer – appointed to prevent child marriages and raise awareness.

B. Prevalence in Telangana

Indicator	Data
Child marriage rate (NFHS-5, 2019-21)	23.5% (down from 26.2% in NFHS-4, 2015-16)
National average (NFHS-5)	23.3%
Districts with highest rates	Khammam, Hyderabad, Kamareddy, Mahabubabad, Medak, Nagarkurnool, Sangareddy, Wanaparthy
Cases registered under PCMA (2019-21)	Only 154 cases (but actual prevalence much higher)
Conviction rate in India	Only 10% (lowest among crimes against children)
Pending cases at end of 2021	96% of cases pending trial

C. Causes of Child Marriage in Telangana

1. Traditions, social norms and beliefs:
   • “Higher the education, higher the dowry” – poor families fear higher dowry if girl is educated, so they marry early.
   • Consanguineous marriages – to protect ancestral property and strengthen kinship/political power within caste.
   • Social pressure from grandparents, community leaders, caste councils.
   • Belief that death of a family member must precede a girl’s marriage – leads to early marriage.
2. Intergenerational poverty:
   • Families with economic insecurity (drought-prone areas like Mahabub Nagar) migrate for work.
   • To avoid leaving young girls behind, they marry them off early.
   • Illiterate parents are unaware of consequences.
3. Lack of access to secondary education:
   • No school nearby, lack of transportation, poor sanitation facilities in schools.
   • Fear of male harassment while commuting.
   • Academic failure of girl child leads to dropout and early marriage.
4. Fear of love and elopement:
   • Parents marry off early to avoid caste council punishments.
   • Social and electronic media influence young people to elope.
5. Single parent families: pressure from community and elders forces single parents to marry off daughters early.

D. Government Intervention – Kalyana Lakshmi / Shaadi Mubarak

• Launched: 2014 (Telangana government).
• Benefit: One-time financial assistance of ₹1,00,116 (₹1,25,145 for disabled girls) at the time of marriage.
• Eligibility:
  • Girl must be above 18 years.
  • Parents’ combined annual income ≤ ₹2 lakh.
  • SC, ST, BC, Minority families.
• Impact:
  • Significantly reduced child marriages by incentivising marriage after 18.
  • Upto December 2021: 1.9 lakh SC, 1.1 lakh ST, 4.3 lakh BC, 1.9 lakh Minority families benefited.
  • Total disbursement: ₹8085 crore.
• Note: This scheme is a major reason for the decline in child marriage in Telangana.

E. Other Measures to Curb Child Marriage

• Preventive measures:
  • Coordination on special occasions like Akha Teej.
  • Advertisements in press and electronic media.
  • Awareness on International Women’s Day and National Girl Child Day.
  • Training adolescent girls on legal rights under the Sabha programme.
• Policy recommendations:
  • Improve access to quality secondary education (more KGBVs).
  • Skill development for adolescent girls.
  • Community mobilisation to change social norms.
  • Strengthen enforcement and monitoring.
  • Convergence between enforcement mechanisms and NGOs.
  • Raise community awareness about PCMA 2006.

A. Arya Samaj (Hyderabad Branch – 1892)

1. Background

• Founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in Bombay in 1875.
• Slogan: “Back to Vedas”.
• Book: Satyarth Prakash (translated into Telugu by Aadipudi Somanatha Rao).
• Principles:
  • No caste by birth – classification based on occupation.
  • Opposed idol worship, animal sacrifices, caste system, untouchability, child marriages.
  • Encouraged inter-caste marriages and widow remarriages.

2. Hyderabad Branch (1892)

• Established in Residency Bazar (Sultan Bazar), Hyderabad.
• First President: Pandit Kamal Prasadji Mishra; Secretary: Lakshman Desji.
• Important members: Swamy Shraddanand, Pandit Narendraji, Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao, Keshav Rao Karotkar, Aadipudi Somanadha Rao, Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya, Narayan Rao Pawar.

3. Shuddhi Program

• Aimed at reconversion of Hindus who had converted to Islam or Christianity.
• Led by Swami Shraddhanand – murdered by Khaja Hasan Nizam.
• Nizam government expelled Balakrishna Sharma and Nityananda (1894).
• Arrested Vishvananda Saraswati and Vidhyananda Brahmachary.

4. Arya Samaj Satyagraha (1938)

• 24th October 1938 – Hindu Civil Liberty Union conducted Satyagraha against Nizam.
• Pandit Narendraji arrested and sent to Mannanuru jail – called “Telangana’s Kalapani”.
• Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao – continued shouting “Vandemataram” while being beaten.
• Satyagraha withdrawn on 7th August 1939.

5. Contributions to National Movement

• Supported Hindi language, Swadeshi, Khadi, opposition to salt taxes.
• Established Keshav Memorial Educational Institutions (July 1940).
• Newspaper “Vaidika Adarsh” – banned by Nizam government in 1934.

B. Adi Hindu Movement (Dalit Movement)

1. Leader: Maderi Bhagya Reddy Varma

• Born 22nd May 1888 in a Mala family in Hyderabad.
• Known as Father of Telangana Dalit Movement and Dalit Vaithalika.
• Original name: Maderi Bhagaiah.
• Titles: Varma, Shiva Shresta, Sangamanya.
• Wrote first Dalit story in Telugu: “Vetti Madiga”.
• Celebrated Buddha Jayanthi every year from 1913 to 1937.

2. Organisations Founded by Bhagya Reddy Varma

Organisation	Year	Purpose
Jagan Mitra Mandali	1906	Awareness and education among Dalits
Adi Hindu Karyakartala Dalam	1906	–
Vaidika Dharma Pracharini Sabha	1910	–
Manya Sangam	1911	Fought Devadasi, child marriage, alcohol ban
Ahimsa Samajam	1912	–
Swastik Volunteers Sangam	1912	–
Jeeva Raksha Gnana Pracharak Mandali	1915	–
Vishwa Gruha Paricharika Sammelanam	1916	For maid servants
Adi Hindu Social Service League	1922	–

3. Key Achievements

• 1917: Presided over 1st Adi Andhra Conference (Vijayawada).
• Named Dalits as “Adi Hindus”.
• 1922: Removed “Panchama” and “Parayalu” from government records.
• 1925: Adi Hindu exhibition and youth competitions.
• 1930: President of All India Adi Hindu Conference (Lucknow).
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar elected representative of Adi Hindus.
• 1931: Convinced Nizam to use term “Adi Hindu” in census.
• 1937: Founded Jambavarna Seva Samithi.
• Ran Nyaya Panchayats at village level.

4. Other Leaders of Adi Hindu Movement

Arige Ramaswamy:

• Born 1875 in Ramkola, Ranga Reddy district.
• Established Sunitha Bala Samajam (1912).
• Established Adi Hindu Jathiyonnathi Sabha (1922).
• First Dalit councillor in Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (1935).

B.S. Venkat Rao (Hyderabad Ambedkar):

• Original name Bathula Ashaiah.
• Established Adi Dravida Sangam (1922).
• Established Adi Hindu Mahasabha (1927).
• Convinced Nizam to create SC Trust Fund of ₹1 crore.
• Education Minister under Mir Laiq Ali cabinet (1947).
• Elected to Rajya Sabha in 1952.

C. Other Social Movements / Organisations

Organisation	Year	Founders/Leaders	Objective
Brahma Samaj (Hyderabad)	1869	Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Opposed idol worship, caste system
Theosophical Society (Hyderabad)	1882	Madame Blavatsky, Colonel Olcott	–
Hindu Social Club	1892	Raja Murali Manohar Bahadur	Opposed discrimination
Hyderabad Social Service League	1915	Keshav Rao Koratkar	–
Hyderabad Young Men’s Union	1917	Vaman Nayak	–
Hindu Dharma Parishad	1925	Raja Pratap Giriji	Preserve Hindu religion
Comrades Association	1939	Raja Bahadur Gour	–
All Hyderabad Student Union	1941	Aquil Ali Khan	Student mobilisation
Bharatha Mahila Samajam	1907	Raavi Chettu Laxmi Narasamma	Women’s organisation
Singareni Collieries Workers Union	1935	Devuri Shesha Giri Rao	Labour rights

Constitutional Provisions and Important Acts

Article / Act	Provision	Explanation for Exams
Article 14	Equality before law	Equal protection of laws to all persons.
Article 15	Prohibition of discrimination	On grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth.
Article 15(3)	Special provisions for women and children	Allows state to make affirmative action.
Article 15(4)	Special provisions for SCs, STs, OBCs	For their advancement.
Article 16	Equality of opportunity in public employment	No discrimination in government jobs.
Article 16(4A)	Reservation in promotion for SCs/STs	If inadequately represented.
Article 17	Abolition of untouchability	Its practice is an offence.
Article 21A	Right to free compulsory education	For children 6-14 years (86th Amendment, 2002).
Article 23	Prohibition of forced labour	Includes begar (Vetti) and trafficking.
Article 24	Prohibition of child labour	No child below 14 in hazardous employment.
Article 29	Protection of minorities	Right to conserve language, script, culture.
Article 30	Minorities educational institutions	Right to establish institutions.
Article 46	Promotion of SC/ST interests	Directive Principle.
Article 243D	Reservation for women in Panchayats	At least 1/3rd seats.
Article 330	Reservation in Lok Sabha	For SCs/STs.
Article 332	Reservation in State Assemblies	For SCs/STs.
Article 338	National Commission for SCs	Constitutional body.
Article 338A	National Commission for STs	89th Amendment, 2003.
Article 342	Specification of STs	By President.
Article 343	Official language	Hindi in Devanagari script.
Article 350A	Mother tongue instruction	At primary stage.
Article 350B	Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities	Appointed by President.
Fifth Schedule	Administration of Scheduled Areas	Tribes Advisory Councils.
Sixth Schedule	Tribal areas in Northeast	Autonomous District Councils.
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976	Abolishes bonded labour	Vetti is a form.
Child Labour (P&R) Act, 1986	Prohibits child labour	Amended in 2016.
POCSO Act, 2012	Protection of children	Special courts.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016	Recognises 21 disabilities	4% job reservation.
PESA Act, 1996	Empowers Gram Sabha	Scheduled Areas.
SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989	Prevents caste violence	Enhanced punishment.
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006	Legal age	18 girls, 21 boys.
AP Devadasi (Prohibition) Act, 1988	Bans Jogini system	Applicable to Telangana.

Important Acts Specific to Telangana

• SC/ST Special Development Fund Act, 2017 – legal guarantee of funds proportionate to SC (15.45%) and ST (9.08%) population.
• Telangana Girl Child Protection Scheme – state scheme for single/two girl children.
• Telangana State SC/ST Special Development Fund (Planning, Allocation and Utilization of Financial Resources) Act, 2017 (Act 18/2017).